Program evaluation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Program evaluation is a systematic method for collecting, analyzing, and using information to answer questions about projects, policies and programs. In both the public and private sectors, stakeholders often want to know whether the programs they are funding, implementing, voting for, receiving or objecting to are producing the intended effect. While program evaluation first focuses around this definition, important considerations often include how much the program costs per participant, how the program could be improved, whether the program is worthwhile, whether there are better alternatives, if there are unintended outcomes, and whether the program goals are appropriate and useful. However, planned social evaluation has been documented as dating as far back as 2. BC. People who do program evaluation come from many different backgrounds, such as sociology, psychology, economics, social work, and public policy. Some graduate schools also have specific training programs for program evaluation. Doing an evaluation. Each of these stages raises different questions to be answered by the evaluator, and correspondingly different evaluation approaches are needed. Rossi, Lipsey and Freeman (2. Back to Resources; Public use. Job Corps Job Corps is the nation's largest and most comprehensive residential education and job training program for at-risk youth, ages 16 through 24. Youth Programs Provides.
Assessment of the need for the program. Assessment of program design and logic/theory. Assessment of how the program is being implemented (i. Are the program's processes maximizing possible outcomes?)Assessment of the program's outcome or impact (i. Assessment of the program's cost and efficiency. Assessing needs. This includes identifying and diagnosing the actual problem the program is trying to address, who or what is affected by the problem, how widespread the problem is, and what are the measurable effects that are caused by the problem. For example, for a housing program aimed at mitigating homelessness, a program evaluator may want to find out how many people are homeless in a given geographic area and what their demographics are. Rossi, Lipsey and Freeman (2. Needs assessment involves the processes or methods used by evaluators to describe and diagnose social needs. Programs that do not do a needs assessment can have the illusion that they have eradicated the problem/need when in fact there was no need in the first place. Needs assessment involves research and regular consultation with community stakeholders and with the people that will benefit from the project before the program can be developed and implemented. Hence it should be a bottom- up approach. In this way potential problems can be realized early because the process would have involved the community in identifying the need and thereby allowed the opportunity to identify potential barriers. The important task of a program evaluator is thus to: First, construct a precise definition of what the problem is. This is most effectively done by collaboratively including all possible stakeholders, i. Including buy- in early on in the process reduces potential for push- back, miscommunication, and incomplete information later on. Second, assess the extent of the problem. They need to answer the . Registries of Programs Effective in Reducing Youth Risk. The framework includes steps in program evaluation practice and. Share Results & Improve Program. The following resources may help you effectively use. Evaluators need to work out where the problem is located and how big it is. Pointing out that a problem exists is much easier than having to specify where it is located and how rife it is. Rossi, Lipsey & Freeman (2. But indicating how many children it affects and where it is located geographically and socially would require knowledge about abused children, the characteristics of perpetrators and the impact of the problem throughout the political authority in question. This can be difficult considering that child abuse is not a public behavior, also keeping in mind that estimates of the rates on private behavior are usually not possible because of factors like unreported cases. In this case evaluators would have to use data from several sources and apply different approaches in order to estimate incidence rates. There are two more questions that need to be answered. Having identified the need and having familiarized oneself with the community evaluators should conduct a performance analysis to identify whether the proposed plan in the program will actually be able to eliminate the need. For example, whether the job performance standards are set by an organization or whether some governmental rules need to be considered when undertaking the task. There are three units of the population: population at risk, population in need and population in demand. The difference or the gap between the two situations will help identify the need, purpose and aims of the program. Identify priorities and importance. In the first step above, evaluators would have identified a number of interventions that could potentially address the need e. These must now be examined in view of their significance to the program. This must be done by considering the following factors: cost effectiveness (consider the budget of the program, assess cost/benefit ratio), executive pressure (whether top management expects a solution) and population (whether many key people are involved). Identify causes of performance problems and/or opportunities. When the needs have been prioritized the next step is to identify specific problem areas within the need to be addressed. And to also assess the skills of the people that will be carrying out the interventions. Identify possible solutions and growth opportunities. Compare the consequences of the interventions if it was to be implemented or not. Needs analysis is hence a very crucial step in evaluating programs because the effectiveness of a program cannot be assessed unless we know what the problem was in the first place. Assessing program theory. This 'logic model' is often not stated explicitly by people who run programs, it is simply assumed, and so an evaluator will need to draw out from the program staff how exactly the program is supposed to achieve its aims and assess whether this logic is plausible. For example, in an HIV prevention program, it may be assumed that educating people about HIV/AIDS transmission, risk and safe sex practices will result in safer sex being practiced. However, research in South Africa increasingly shows that in spite of increased education and knowledge, people still often do not practice safe sex. This is why it is important to read research that has been done in the area. Explicating this logic can also reveal unintended or unforeseen consequences of a program, both positive and negative. The program theory drives the hypotheses to test for impact evaluation. Developing a logic model can also build common understanding amongst program staff and stakeholders about what the program is actually supposed to do and how it is supposed to do it, which is often lacking (see Participatory impact pathways analysis). Of course, it is also possible that during the process of trying to elicit the logic model behind a program the evaluators may discover that such a model is either incompletely developed, internally contradictory, or (in worst cases) essentially nonexisistent. This decidedly limits the effectiveness of the evaluation, although it does not necessarily reduce or eliminate the program. An evaluator should create a logic model with input from many different stake holders. Logic Models have 5 major components: Resources or Inputs, Activities, Outputs, Short- term outcomes, and Long- term outcomes . Looking at the different components of a program in relation to the overall short- term and long- term goals allows for illumination of potential misalignments. Creating an actual logic model is particularly important because it helps clarify for all stakeholders: the definition of the problem, the overarching goals, and the capacity and outputs of the program. If the program theory fails to address the needs of the target population it will be rendered ineffective even when if it is well implemented. Rutman (1. 98. 0), Smith (1. Wholly (1. 99. 4) suggested the questions listed below to assist with the review process. The evaluator can assess whether the program theory is congruent with research evidence and practical experiences of programs with similar concepts. This evaluation determines whether the components identified as critical to the success of the program are being implemented. The evaluation determines whether target populations are being reached, people are receiving the intended services, staff are adequately qualified. Process evaluation is an ongoing process in which repeated measures may be used to evaluate whether the program is being implemented effectively. This problem is particularly critical because many innovations, particularly in areas like education and public policy, consist of fairly complex chains of action. Many of which these elements rely on the prior correct implementation of other elements, and will fail if the prior implementation was not done correctly. This was conclusively demonstrated by Gene V. Glass and many others during the 1. Since incorrect or ineffective implementation will produce the same kind of neutral or negative results that would be produced by correct implementation of a poor innovation, it is essential that evaluation research assess the implementation process itself. This involves trying to measure if the program has achieved its intended outcomes, i. Thus the concept of an outcome does not necessarily mean that the program targets have actually changed or that the program has caused them to change in any way. It further helps you to clarify your understanding of your program. But the most important reason for undertaking the effort is to understand the impacts of your work on the people you serve. More information about impact evaluation is found under the heading 'Determining Causation'. Assessing efficiency. Evaluators outline the benefits and cost of the program for comparison. An efficient program has a lower cost- benefit ratio. Determining causation. Evaluation data should be compared with your program goals and objectives to make program improvements. Develop reports and presentations to inform program staff and key stakeholders at the local, state, and federal levels about your program. These reports can help make a case for the continuation or expansion of well- planned and implemented programs and can gather support for future program improvements. DASH funded partners are asked to submit success stories annually to DASH that highlight accomplishments of their programs. Resources: Share Results & Improve Program. The following resources may help you effectively use your evaluation results to make your program more effective: The following resource may help you create success stories.
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Sales. promotion acts as a competitive weapon by providing an extra incentive for. It is particularly effective in spurring product. Most marketers believe that a given product. Compared to the other components of the. For example, sales promotion and direct mail are particularly. In addition, sales promotion can be an effective. Similarly, sales promotion is often used in the. Finally, sales. promotion tends to work best when it is applied to impulse items whose. There are several. First, consumers have. It. provides reluctant decision makers with an incentive to make choices by. Second, the increasing. Redemption rates for. Finally. an increase in the size and power of retailers has also boosted the use of. Historically, the manufacturer held the power in the. Mass marketers utilized national advertising to. With consolidation and the. Many sales. promotions are designed to provide benefits to the retailers. After a consumer uses a coupon for. In addition, sales promotion. 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When competing. brands have reached parity in terms of price and service, continuity. By. rewarding long- standing customers for their loyalty, continuity programs. Sometimes, particularly when a product is new or is not a. But in order for sampling to. The most. popular has been through the mail, but increases in postage costs and. An. alternative is door- to- door distribution, particularly when the items are. This method. permits selective sampling of neighborhoods, dwellings, or even people. An. ad may include a coupon that the consumer can mail in for the product, or. Direct sampling. can be achieved through prime media using scratch- and- sniff cards and slim. Though this last technique. For instance, some companies specialize in packing samples. Such packages may be delivered at. The objectives of sales promotions aimed at the trade. In general, trade sales. Develop in- store. Control. inventory by increasing or depleting inventory levels, thus helping to. 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When the requirements of the post- charge program are met by the adult, charges are withdrawn. A Better-Quality Alternative: Single-Payer National Health. Data and insights from these two new paradigms demonstrate that better care. New Brunswick Private Woodlot Silviculture Program 2015-16. New Brunswick Private Woodlot Silviculture Program 2015. New Brunswick’s Forest Products Marketing Boards administer the Transportation Certificate. Contains photos, video and audio from news conferences and announcements. Located in New Brunswick. The hospital is among 620 hospitals nationwide cited as a Top Performer on Joint Commission Key Quality Measures. Saint Peter's University Hospital 254 Easton Avenue New. A Better- Quality Alternative: Single- Payer National Health System Reform 1 . Dr Bindman is a Robert Wood Johnson General Physician Faculty Scholar. A complete list of the members of the working group that drafted this report, which was then reviewed and endorsed by Physicians for a National Health Program, a national organization representing more than 6. Reprint requests to Physicians for a National Health Program. E. Madison St., Suite 6. Brunswick government opted for large measures on the revenue side.Chicago, IL6. 06. Dr Schiff). MANY MISCONSTRUE US health system reform options by presuming that . Quality is of paramount importance to Americans. Opponents of reform appeal to fears of diminished quality, warning of waiting lists, rationing, and . Conversely, advocates of national health insurance have failed to emphasize quality issues as key criteria for reform,6 often assuming that we have . We disagree with both views. It is unthinkable to label our current system as . Moreover, there is growing concern about quality problems with the care that is provided. Quality problems in the current system include denial of care, discrimination,8 disparities, geographic maldistribution,9 lack of continuity, lack of primary care,1. Our . These two sources converge around the concept of . Data and insights from these two new paradigms demonstrate that better care will actually cost less once improvements are made in care processes and clinical decision making. New Brunswick; Newark; Camden; RBHS; Online; Search Rutgers; Search form. About; Academics; Admissions; Athletics; Campus Life; Health. Center for Women and Work Launches New Program to Help Women. In 1744 the stage wagons between New Brunswick and in fact all. Example Of Diabetic Diet Treatment Diabetes & Alternative Diabetes Treatment . And adequate measures for which public. You want to stay in New Brunswick. You want to see the world. The health system must work better to extend access and to control costs. In this article, we argue that a single- payer national health program provides a better framework for improving quality. First, we briefly review requirements for quality care. Then, we propose 1. We contrast our approach with the current managed competition strategy,2. HOW CAN IT BE MEASURED? High- quality care should result in improved health for individuals and the entire community. It depends on knowledgeable, caring providers who have a thorough understanding of preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies and the link between their application and improved health outcomes. Such strategies need to be applied with the highest technical skill and carried out in a humane, culturally sensitive, and coordinated manner. 10 ways to reduce utility bills living off the grid in melbourne home energy assistance program toms river nj how to. Quality will suffer when any of these components is lacking. There is no single gold standard measurement of health care quality; its assessment requires multiple perspectives. The care provided to the population as a whole as well as to individual patients should be evaluated because critical quality issues may affect individuals who do not have access to medical services. Viewpoints of providers, patients, family members, and the community must be incorporated. Evaluated services should not be limited to medical care but should also include related services, such as nursing services, social services, and community education. To judge quality, we need a lengthened time frame that allows not only for examination of longer- term impacts but also for changes over time in what is considered good care. Finally, quality should be judged in the context of costs, because when equally good care is provided at a lower cost, more resources are available for other services. Although consensus has emerged around many of these precepts,2. This meagerness of demonstrated benefit is especially worrisome given providers' frustration with the time and administrative burdens imposed by current oversight measures. Promising efforts to operationalize these precepts on a larger scale (ie, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations' Agenda for Change, and Medicare's Quality Improvement Initiative)2. This will require health system reform based on the application of quality assurance tools and insights, guided by the principles outlined below. TEN PRINCIPLES FOR IMPROVED QUALITY 1. There is a profound and inseparable relationship between access and quality: universal insurance coverage is a prerequisite for quality care. To delay universal coverage for years, as projected in the Clinton plan and various congressional health proposals, means the continuation of compromised quality for millions of people. Growing evidence from large observational studies underscores this strong relationship between quality and access/ insurance status: The hospitalized uninsured are 2. The loss of Medicaid coverage has been associated with a 1. A1c level in diabetic patients, increasing the odds of dying within 6 months by 4. The uninsured poor are twice as likely as those with private insurance to delay hospital care; among those delaying care, hospital stays are longer and death rates are higher. Being uninsured was associated with twice the 1. Lack of health insurance is associated with failure to receive preventive services, including blood pressure monitoring, Papanicolaou tests, breast examinations, and glaucoma screening. This profound connection between quality and access extends far beyond simply underserving the uninsured. Access problems threaten quality for those with insurance who encounter delays and overcrowding in emergency departments overflowing with patients lacking primary care. For the insured, limitations on benefits, including financial barriers (such as co- payments, restrictions in coverage, and rationing via administrative obstacles), increasingly obstruct care. Most important, quality is distorted when ability and willingness to pay become the criteria for determining which services are provided. Marginally effective or even harmful treatments for the well- insured affluent take priority over more needed and appropriate services. The best guarantor of universal high- quality care is a unified system that does not treat patients differently based on employment, financial status, or source of payment. The quality- impairing consequences of separate classes of insurance are illustrated by Medicaid, whose recipients, though . Woolhandler, unpublished tabulations from the 1. National Medical Expenditures Survey). Similarly, universally available lowest- tier coverage, such as that proposed under managed competition, with more or better services only for those able to afford to upgrade their benefits, violates this principle and would perpetuate inequalities in health care. The equality principle is a prerequisite to grapple meaningfully with ways to control marginally effective expensive interventions. Otherwise, limits based on ability to pay are, by definition, discrimination against the poor. Under a multitiered system, patients and providers internalize an . It would promote mechanisms for individual complaints to be linked to system- wide improvement rather than dissipated as special privileges. It would ensure that the quality of the basic plan is high enough to be acceptable to all citizens. Proposals that allow individual or corporate . Hence, a single program not only minimizes discrimination against the vulnerable but also promotes improvement overall. Continuity of primary care is needed to overcome fragmentation and overspecialization among health care practitioners and institutions. Whether evaluating a confused elderly patient or discontinuing aggressive care to a patient with emphysema, a continuing physician- patient relationship is the essential foundation that allows physicians to practice conservative, sensitive, appropriate, cost- effective medicine. Competitive models that encourage patients to switch among competing plans discourage ongoing relationships. Competition also blunts incentives for prevention because the resulting savings are likely to accrue long after the patient has switched to a rival plan. As practitioners, we do quality work when patients can trust that we will be available with the time, independent judgment, and familiarity with their problems to give them skillful personal attention. Cost- containment efforts designed to limit utilization have counterproductively undermined this primary caring role. Erecting financial barriers to discourage contact, penalizing the primary practitioner for ordering tests and consultations, and intrusive utilization review measures have contributed to growing dissatisfaction with primary care practice. A standardized confidential electronic medical record and resulting database are key to supporting clinical practice and creating the information infrastructure needed to improve care overall. Its memory should permit panning backward and forward in time, seeing our own patients' past histories, as well as aggregating data to project disease natural history and response to interventions. Unfortunately, implementation of medical computing has been driven by insurance/billing imperatives, often ignoring information needs for improved patient care. The Institute of Medicine Committee on Improving the Medical Record has documented the ways that paper- based medical records and computerized laboratory and claims data fail to coalesce into integrated patient care records, capable not only of storing patient data but also of improving the quality of care. Consider routine yet currently difficult clinical decisions, such as whether a patient's wound requires a tetanus shot, or a positive syphilis serology result requires treatment, or a decreased hematocrit requires further workup. Computer technology should permit us to track patients over time across multiple sites and support higher- quality clinical decision making. Its potential for real- time reminders, prescribing, and bibliographic assistance is vast but unrealized. Realizing the computer's quality support potential hinges on strong guarantees of personal data confidentiality,4. Creating national standards for protection of patients' privacy is one of the most important issues that health system reform must address, yet prospects for federal leadership appear to be confused and uncertain. The United States lags behind other countries in developing a secure clinical information infrastructure because it lacks a unified approach. Can You Repair Holes in Vinyl Windows? Whether you are working on new construction vinyl windows, or replacement windows, holes in both frame and glass can be repaired in most cases. Frame Damage. The frames of vinyl windows are made from a similar material to PVC pipe. Holes that are melted or drilled in the frame itself can be covered with latex painter's caulk, or silicone caulk. Rough edges, melted bumps or burn marks can be sanded out with a handheld rotary tool and a sanding or abrasive accessory before repairs are made. If the frame is cracked and the two pieces can be realigned, use PVC pipe glue to glue them together. 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Remove the trim on all four sides of the pane before removing the glass. Dispose of the glass immediately to prevent injury. Once your glass is out, use a handheld rotary tool fitted with a nylon or wire brush accessory to clean any adhesive from the inside of the vinyl frame. Use silicone caulk or adhesive weatherstrip to seal in the new glass, depending on what was there. Replace the vinyl trim around the glass to complete the repair. Cut the trim with tin snips if needed. Divided Pane. Many vinyl windows appear to have divided panes. This is not usually the case. The dividers, known as muntins, are usually applied on top of a solid pane of glass. If your window is truly divided, replace the broken pane or panes as described in Section 3. For faux divided glass, the procedure is the same, but the dividing grill will need to be removed first. Look for screws on the ends of the dividers along the edge of the pane. Damaged or worn PVC Window Frame? VinylDoc can help with products to restore or repair your vinyl frames to factory standards, saving you time and money. Window Repair Tips; Shine-It Kit. Window Repair Tips; SUPPORT; MY CART. Vinyl Window Frame Repair Products. Javascript is disabled on your browser. To view this site, you must enable JavaScript or upgrade to a JavaScript-capable browser. How to Repair a Vinyl Window Frame. For vinyl repairs, all that is needed is a vinyl patch kit with vinyl patches that can provide sufficient patching. Remove them to remove the grill. If no visible fasteners are present, use a knife or chisel to pry the grill out.“Stanley Complete Doors and Windows; ” Meredith Books; 2. Windows and Doors; ” Phylicia Entrelle; 2. About the Author. Mark Morris started writing professionally in 1. He has published a novel and stage plays with SEEDS studio. Morris specializes in many topics and has 1. He is a voice, acting and film teacher. He also teaches stage craft and lectures on playwriting for Oklahoma Christian University. Photo Credits. Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images. Vinyl and leather repair products for all plus Sem products. Welcome to the vinylpro.com site. Find great deals on eBay for vinyl patch kit vinyl repair kit. Shop with confidence. Shop Vinyl Repair, Tent Repair & PVC Repair Products at GetTent.com. Repairs sizeable tears in vinyl patio and vinyl window awnings. Two self-adhesive patches adhere to metal, wood, plastic, rubber and more. 500+ results found for 'vinyl patch kit' Related Searches: vinyl tablecloth, tool kit, pergola kit.Vinyl & Plastic Repair - Body Repair. Add Item to To- Done List. To use this feature you must be signed- in to your account, please sign in now. Leo Tolstoy was one of the most acclaimed Russian writers, who wrote the famous . This biography gives detailed information.The Death of Ivan Ilyich. This article is about the novella. For the Austrian development critic, see Ivan Illich. The Death of Ivan Ilyich (Russian: . She is characterized as self- absorbed and uninterested in her husband's struggles unless they directly affect her personally. Gerasim is the Golovins' young butler. He takes on the role of sole comforter and caretaker during Ivan's illness. Peter Ivanovich is Ivan's longtime friend and colleague. He studied law with Ivan and is the first to recognize Ivan's impending death. Lisa Golovin is Ivan's daughter. F. Like everyone he knows, he spends his life climbing the social ladder. Enduring marriage to a woman whom he often finds too demanding, he works his way up to be a magistrate, thanks to the influence he has over a friend who has just been promoted, focusing more on his work as his family life becomes less tolerable. While hanging curtains for his new home one day, he falls awkwardly and hurts his side. Though he does not think much of it at first, he begins to suffer from a pain in his side. As his discomfort grows, his behavior towards his family becomes more irritable. His wife finally insists that he visit a physician. The physician cannot pinpoint the source of his malady, but soon it becomes clear that his condition is terminal. Confronted with his diagnosis, Ivan attempts every remedy he can to obtain a cure for his worsening situation until the pain grows so intense he is forced to cease working and spend the remainder of his days in bed. Here, he is brought face to face with his mortality, and realizes that although he knows of it, he does not truly grasp it. Ivan Ilych's life had been most simple and most ordinary and therefore most terrible. II; Ivan Ilych saw that he was dying, and he was in continual despair. Tolstoy died in 1910, at the age of 82. Just prior to his death, his health had been a concern of his family, who were actively engaged in his care on a daily basis. During the long and painful process of death, Ivan dwells on the idea that he does not deserve his suffering because he has lived rightly. If he had not lived a good life, there could be a reason for his pain; but he has, so pain and death must be arbitrary and senseless. As he begins to hate his family for avoiding the subject of his death, for pretending he is only sick and not dying, he finds his only comfort in his peasant boy servant Gerasim, the only person in Ivan's life who does not fear death, and also the only one who, apart from his own son, shows compassion for him. Ivan begins to question whether he has, in fact, lived a good life. In the final days of his life, Ivan makes a clear split between an artificial life, such as his own, which masks the true meaning of life and makes one fear death, and an authentic life, the life of Gerasim. Authentic life is marked by compassion and sympathy; the artificial life by self- interest. His hand falls onto his nearby son's head, and Ivan pities his son. He no longer hates his daughter or wife, but rather feels pity for them, and hopes his death will release them. In so doing, his terror of death leaves him, and as Tolstoy suggests, death itself disappears. Interpretation. But more than anything, I would offer, it is about the consequences of living without meaning, that is, without a true and abiding connection to one's life .. In his lectures on Russian literature, Russian- born novelist and critic Vladimir Nabokov argues that, for Tolstoy, a sinful life (such as Ivan's) is moral death. Therefore death, the return of the soul to God, is, for Tolstoy, moral life. The Death of Ivan Ilyich Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy 1886 Translated by Louise and Aylmer Maude Chapter I During an interval in the Melvinski trial in the large building. Recommended Reading for AP Literature & Composition Titles from Free Response Questions* Adapted from an original list by Norma J. Works referred to on the. Tolstoy's novella, written just after the author's conversion to Christianity, is now considered a literary masterpiece. In it, death suddenly confronts Ivan, a well. Instead, the story leads the reader through a pensive, metaphysical exploration of the reason for death and what it means to truly live. Tolstoy was a man who struggled greatly with self- doubt and spiritual reflection, especially as he grew close to his own death in 1. I cannot now help seeing day and night going round and bringing me to death. That is all I see, for that alone is true. All else is false. This personal epiphany caused significant spiritual upheaval in Tolstoy's life, prompting him to question the Russian Orthodox Church, sexuality, education, serfdom, etc. From a biographical standpoint, therefore, it is possible to interpret The Death of Ivan Ilyich as a manifestation of Tolstoy's embroilment with death and the meaning of his own life during his final years. Tolstoy's The Death of Ivan Il. Northwestern University Press. The Death of Ivan Ilyich. The Story and Its Writer. Ann Charters: Bedford/St. Lectures On Russian Literature. The Literature Network. Retrieved February 2. Retrieved February 2. Power attenuator comparison - You. Tube. Hochgeladen am 1. Here are some comparison clips between Ultimate Attenuator, Marshall PB1. Weber and Tubejuice. Guitar KZ Pro, Fryer De. Luxe TB and Vox AC3. TBX. Recorde at bedroomlevels. The idea of this demo was to show peole in the Brian May world what to expect from these ones on lower settings/volumes. 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